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---
articleType: Conference paper
journal: Proceedings of the Northern Systems Forum 2026
doi: 10.0000/nsf.2026.031
version: Camera-ready proceedings paper
date: '2026-07-09'
title: Adaptive Batching Cuts Queue Delay in Community Sensor Gateways
subtitle: Trace replay across twelve low-power edge nodes
shortTitle: Adaptive batching at the edge
authors:
  - name: Maya Okafor
    orcid: 0000-0000-0000-0000 (sample)
    affiliations:
      - A1
  - name: Liam Chen
    orcid: 0000-0000-0000-0000 (sample)
    affiliations:
      - A1
affiliations:
  - id: A1
    name: Cedar Ridge Distributed Systems Lab
corresponding:
  name: Maya Okafor
  email: maya.okafor@example.org
abstract: >-
  A lightweight queue-aware batching rule reduced median gateway latency in
  trace replay while keeping radio wakeups within the baseline energy budget.
keywords:
  - edge computing
  - sensor gateways
  - adaptive batching
highlights:
  - The controller uses only local queue depth.
  - Trace replay covers bursty and steady workloads.
funding: Supported by the fictional Cedar Ridge Systems Seed Fund.
contributions: >-
  M.O. designed the controller; L.C. ran the replay study; both authors wrote
  the paper.
conflicts: The authors declare no competing interests.
ethics: No human participants or personal data were involved.
dataAvailability: Synthetic gateway traces are included with the proceedings artifact.
codeAvailability: Controller and replay code are included with the proceedings artifact.
acknowledgments: We thank the forum artifact reviewers for their checklist.
license: CC BY 4.0
---
# Adaptive Batching Cuts Queue Delay in Community Sensor Gateways

## Introduction

Community sensor gateways face bursty uploads but operate under tight wakeup budgets. Fixed batches trade latency for energy; our contribution is a local rule that changes the batch target with queue pressure [1].

## Method

We replayed 48-hour synthetic traces on twelve low-power nodes. Baseline batches held eight packets; the adaptive controller selected two to eight from the current queue depth.

$$b_t = \min(8, \max(2, \lceil q_t / 3 \rceil))$$

## Results

Adaptive batching lowered median queue delay by 34% with a 2% increase in radio wakeups, remaining inside the preset 5% budget.
### Gateway benchmark
| Policy | Median delay | Wakeups / hour |
| --- | ---: | ---: |
| Fixed batch | 820 ms | 18.4 |
| Adaptive batch | 541 ms | 18.8 |

:::figure{layout="wide" label="Figure 1" caption="Adaptive batching at the edge"}
![Adaptive batching at the edge](https://markdowntopdfconverter.com/samples/academic/figures/adaptive-batching-performance.webp)
:::

:::figure{layout="wide" label="Figure 2" caption="Workflow: Adaptive batching at the edge"}
```mermaid
flowchart LR
  source["Introduction"] --> method["Method"]
  method --> result["Results"]
```
:::

> The controller uses only local queue depth.[^sample-evidence]

[^sample-evidence]: Synthetic gateway traces are included with the proceedings artifact.

```csv
policy,delay_ms,wakeups_h
adaptive,541,18.8
```

## Discussion

The rule is small enough for constrained gateways and needs no shared state. Future work should test packet loss and seasonal traffic rather than trace replay alone.

## References
[1] Cedar Ridge Distributed Systems Lab. Gateway trace specification 1.2. Technical Note, 2026.

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